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Geastrum pectinatum
''Geastrum pectinatum'' is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the earthstar family of fungi. Although young specimens are spherical, fruit body development involves the outer layer of tissue splitting open like a star into 7 to 10 pointed rays that eventually bend back to point downward, revealing a small – broad – spore sac. The spore sac is supported by a small radially wrinkled stalk. There is a distinct conical opening (peristome) at the top of the spore sac that is up to long. It is commonly known as the beaked earthstar or the beret earthstar, in reference to the shape of the spore sac and its prominent, protruding peristome. The mass of spores and surrounding cells within the sac, the gleba, is dark-brown, and becomes powdery in mature specimens. Spores are spherical, measuring 4 to 6 micrometers in diameter, with warts on their surfaces. Although uncommon, ''Geastrum pectinatum'' has a cosmopolitan distribution, and has been collected in various locations in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa, where it grows on the ground in open woods. Like several other earthstars, crystals of calcium oxalate are found on ''G. pectinatum'', and are thought to be involved in fruit body maturation.
==Taxonomy, classification, and naming==
Christian Hendrik Persoon published the first description of ''Geastrum pectinatum'' in 1801.〔 In 1860, Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis described the species ''Geastrum biplicatum'' (originally named ''Geaster biplicatus''),〔 based on specimens sent to them by Charles Wright that he obtained from the Bonin Islands during the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition. Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai considered this identical with ''G. pectinatum'' in a 1936 publication.〔 In 1959, mycologist J.T. Palmer reported comparing the original specimen collected by Persoon with fresh samples of what were then thought to be the distinct species ''G. plicatum'' and ''G. tenuipes'' (named by English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1838〔 and 1848,〔 respectively) and concluded the three specimens were synonymous; the original Persoon specimen was then designated as the neotype.〔
In Ponce de Leon's classification of ''Geastrum'', he placed the species in the subgenus ''Geastrum'', section ''Geastrum'', as the type of the subsection ''Sulcostomata'', group Pectinatum. Other species in this group—characterized by a determinate peristome surrounded by a groove—are ''G. xerophilum'', and ''G. furfuraceum''.〔 In Stanek's (1958) infrageneric concept, ''G. pectinatum'' is placed in section ''Perimyceliata'' (encompassing species whereby the mycelial layer covers the entire endoperidium), in subsection ''Glabrostomata'', which includes species with plicate peristomes.〔
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin ''pectinatum'', "like a comb".〔 Its common names include the "beaked earthstar" or the "beret earthstar".〔 Samuel Frederick Gray called it the "comblike shell-puff" in his 1821 "A Natural Arrangement of British Plants".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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